PARIS, France – France remembered the horror of the Battle of Verdun on Sunday, exactly 100 years on from the first shots fired in World War I's longest battle, which became a symbol of resistance and suffering.
Gathering at dawn in the forest of Caures, near Verdun, around 300 people in WWI military uniform marched down the narrow lane where the fighting started on February 21, 1916.
"It was here, 100 years ago, that the first shells fell," one man said to the sound of explosions.
"Some 1,400 guns and mortars threw up almost a million shells. Nearly 400 guns were focused on the forest of Caures."
The last veteran of Verdun died in 2008 so this year's commemorations have put the emphasis on educating the young, with thousands of French and German children attending the re-enactment.
"Time has done its work. Today, Verdun is no longer a memory, it is history," said Thierry Hubscher, director of the Verdun Memorial, which has been renovated for the centenary.
A strong point on the long frontline dividing the French and German armies, Verdun in northeastern France was the target of a German offensive whose aim – according to commander-in-chief Erich von Falkenhayn – was to "bleed France dry".
The battle was waged over a tiny stretch of land and ended with neither side making any significant headway.
Around 300,000 French and German soldiers died in the 10-month battle in which some 30 million shells are estimated to have been fired.
With some three-quarters of France's soldiers having experienced the "hell of Verdun", the battle quickly embedded itself in the country's traumatized psyche, viewed by the French in much the same way as the British saw the Battle of Somme.
"It's important to be here to honor those who lost their lives, but also to confirm the friendship of France and Germany at a moment when nationalism is growing," said French secretary of state for veterans Jean-Marc Todeschini, after a mass at the Douaumont memorial where the bones of 130,000 unidentified soldiers are kept.
'They shall not pass'
French General Robert Nivelle's stirring phrase, "On ne passe pas" ("They shall not pass") came to symbolise the essence of national resistance and was appropriated by military leaders across the world in later years.
For Germans, the soldier of Verdun, striving forward under heavy mortar fire became a mythical hero, praised in Nazi propaganda as the forerunner to the regime's own SS soldiers, said German historian Gerd Krumeich, who has co-written a new book about the battle with a French colleague, Antoine Prost.
But behind that mythologising about courage and sacrifice lay horrific carnage.
Such was the trauma of the battle that it took decades before the governments of France and Germany could contemplate joint commemorations.
In 1966, German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer hoped to commemorate the battle of Verdun alongside France's President Charles De Gaulle, but it was deemed too soon, said Prost.
Germany had to wait until 1984 for an official invite, leading to the iconic image of Helmut Kohl and Francois Mitterrand standing hand-in-hand at a memorial ceremony that came to symbolise the new era of peace in the heart of Europe.
Such a moment did not come easily. It was just a few months since Germany had been left out of the 40th anniversary ceremony of the D-Day invasion in Normandy, said Prost.
In all, the First World War killed some 10 million military men and left 20 million injured, many of them disfigured by explosives or poison gas, or reduced to human wrecks by what became known as "shell shock".
Between 1914 and 1918, among the major belligerents, Germany lost 1.9 million troops, Russia 1.7 million, France 1.4 million, the Austro-Hungarian empire a million and Britain 760,000. – Camille Bouissou, AFP/Rappler.com